TT3216 STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF FIBRES SYLLABUS | ANNA UNIVERSITY BTECH TEXTILE CHEMISTRY 4TH SEM SYLLABUS REGULATION 2008 2011 2012-2013 BELOW IS THE ANNA UNIVERSITY FOURTH SEMESTER B TECH TEXTILE CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT SYLLABUS, TEXTBOOKS, REFERENCE BOOKS,EXAM PORTIONS,QUESTION BANK,PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION PAPERS,MODEL QUESTION PAPERS, CLASS NOTES, IMPORTANT 2 MARKS, 8 MARKS, 16 MARKS TOPICS. IT IS APPLICABLE FOR ALL STUDENTS ADMITTED IN THE YEAR 2011 2012-2013 (ANNA UNIVERSITY CHENNAI,TRICHY,MADURAI, TIRUNELVELI,COIMBATORE), 2008 REGULATION OF ANNA UNIVERSITY CHENNAI AND STUDENTS ADMITTED IN ANNA UNIVERSITY CHENNAI DURING 2009
TT3216 STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF FIBRES L T P C
3 0 0 3
UNIT I STRUCTURE OF FIBRES 9
Basic requirements for fibre formation. Structure of natural and man-made textile fibres –
chemical structure, fine structure, and morphological structure of cotton, viscose,
acetate, polyester, polyamide, polyacrylonytrile, polyethylene, polypropylene and bast
fibres. Basic concepts of intra- and inter-molecular forces, degree of order, degree of
orientation of molecular chains, ordered and disordered regions. Models of fibre
structure – fringed micelle model, modified-fringed micelle model, fringed fibril model.
Similarities and differences amongst the structural features of natural and man-made
fibres. Investigation of fibre structure – Electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction methods,
Infra-red radiation techniques, density measurement.
UNIT II MOISTURE ABSORPTION PROPERTIES OF FIBRES 9
Definitions of humidity – absolute humidity and relative humidity, moisture content and
regain. Hygroscopic nature of fibres – regain curves. Measurement of regain and
determination of correct invoice mass in fibres. Hysteresis in moisture absorption.
Equilibrium absorption of moisture by fibres. Effect of fibre structure – hydrophilic groups
and non-crystalline regions on moisture absorption. Effect of ambient conditions –
relative humidity and temperature on regain of fibres. Heats of sorption – differential and
integral - relation with fibre structure and regain, measurement of heat of wetting.
Conditioning of fibres – mechanism of conditioning, factors influencing rate of
conditioning, effect of conditioning on fibre properties. Swelling of fibres – axial swelling,
transverse swelling, area swelling and volume swelling.
UNIT III MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FIBRES 9
Tensile testing of fibres – cotton, viscose, acetate, modal, lyocel, polyester, polyamide,
polyacrylonytrile, polyethylene, polypropylene, jute and flax fibres Definitions of terms –
load, elongation, breaking strength, breaking extension, tensile stress, tensile strain,
mass specific stress, yield point, initial modulus, work of rupture and work factor. Stressstrain
curves for various textile fibres and their significance. Influence of fibre structure,
humidity and temperature on stress-strain characteristics of fibres. Methods of tensile
testing – constant rate of loading and constant rate of extension, differences between
the two methods of test. Elastic properties – elasticity, elastic recovery and its relation to
stress and strain, work recovery, typical values of elastic recovery and work recovery for
various textile fibres. Mechanical conditioning of fibres – advantages. Time effects –
stress relaxation and creep phenomena. Dynamic tensile testing of fibres. Torsional
rigidity – its relation to other fibre properties, measurement techniques. Flexural rigidity –
its relation to other fibre properties, measurement techniques.
UNIT IV OPTICAL AND FRICTIONAL PROPERTIES 9
Refractive index of fibres – definition, factors influencing and measurement.
Birefringence – measurement techniques, effect of factors like fibre orientation, density
and regain. Optical orientation factor, its relation with refractive index and birefringence.
Reflection of light – specular and diffused reflection, lustre, lustre index, factors
influencing lustre. Absorption of light – dichroism, dichroic ratio. Introduction to fibre
friction. Theories of friction – Amonton’s law, Bowden’s adhesion shearing mechanism,
Lincoln’s law. Measurement of friction – friction between single fibres, friction between
fibre assemblies. Factors influencing fibre friction. Role of friction in fibre processing.
Friction in wool – directional frictional effect, felting.
34
UNIT V ELECTRICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES 9
Definition of electrical resistance, electrical resistance of fibres, measurement of
resistance in fibres, factors influencing electrical resistance. Dielectric properties, factors
influencing dielectricity. Static electricity – generation of static charge and measurement,
problems encountered during processing, elimination techniques. Thermal properties –
specific heat, thermal conductivity, thermal expansion and contraction, structural
changes in fibres on heating, thermal transitions – glass transition and melting, heat
setting. Flammability characteristics of fibres.
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS
REFERENCES
1. Akira & Nakamura, Fiber Science And Technology, Oibh Publishers,2000
2. Kothari V.K., Progress in Textiles: Science & Technology. Vol. 2, IAFL Publications,
2000.
3. Mishra, S.P., Fibre Science & Technology, New Age International Publishers, 2000.
4. Meredith. R and Hearle, J.W.S., “Physical Methods of Investigation of Textiles”,
Wiley Publication, New York, 1989.
5. Morton W.E and Hearle, J.W.S., “Physical Properties of Textile Fibres”, The Textile
Institute, Manchester,, 2008.
TT3216 STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF FIBRES L T P C
3 0 0 3
UNIT I STRUCTURE OF FIBRES 9
Basic requirements for fibre formation. Structure of natural and man-made textile fibres –
chemical structure, fine structure, and morphological structure of cotton, viscose,
acetate, polyester, polyamide, polyacrylonytrile, polyethylene, polypropylene and bast
fibres. Basic concepts of intra- and inter-molecular forces, degree of order, degree of
orientation of molecular chains, ordered and disordered regions. Models of fibre
structure – fringed micelle model, modified-fringed micelle model, fringed fibril model.
Similarities and differences amongst the structural features of natural and man-made
fibres. Investigation of fibre structure – Electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction methods,
Infra-red radiation techniques, density measurement.
UNIT II MOISTURE ABSORPTION PROPERTIES OF FIBRES 9
Definitions of humidity – absolute humidity and relative humidity, moisture content and
regain. Hygroscopic nature of fibres – regain curves. Measurement of regain and
determination of correct invoice mass in fibres. Hysteresis in moisture absorption.
Equilibrium absorption of moisture by fibres. Effect of fibre structure – hydrophilic groups
and non-crystalline regions on moisture absorption. Effect of ambient conditions –
relative humidity and temperature on regain of fibres. Heats of sorption – differential and
integral - relation with fibre structure and regain, measurement of heat of wetting.
Conditioning of fibres – mechanism of conditioning, factors influencing rate of
conditioning, effect of conditioning on fibre properties. Swelling of fibres – axial swelling,
transverse swelling, area swelling and volume swelling.
UNIT III MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FIBRES 9
Tensile testing of fibres – cotton, viscose, acetate, modal, lyocel, polyester, polyamide,
polyacrylonytrile, polyethylene, polypropylene, jute and flax fibres Definitions of terms –
load, elongation, breaking strength, breaking extension, tensile stress, tensile strain,
mass specific stress, yield point, initial modulus, work of rupture and work factor. Stressstrain
curves for various textile fibres and their significance. Influence of fibre structure,
humidity and temperature on stress-strain characteristics of fibres. Methods of tensile
testing – constant rate of loading and constant rate of extension, differences between
the two methods of test. Elastic properties – elasticity, elastic recovery and its relation to
stress and strain, work recovery, typical values of elastic recovery and work recovery for
various textile fibres. Mechanical conditioning of fibres – advantages. Time effects –
stress relaxation and creep phenomena. Dynamic tensile testing of fibres. Torsional
rigidity – its relation to other fibre properties, measurement techniques. Flexural rigidity –
its relation to other fibre properties, measurement techniques.
UNIT IV OPTICAL AND FRICTIONAL PROPERTIES 9
Refractive index of fibres – definition, factors influencing and measurement.
Birefringence – measurement techniques, effect of factors like fibre orientation, density
and regain. Optical orientation factor, its relation with refractive index and birefringence.
Reflection of light – specular and diffused reflection, lustre, lustre index, factors
influencing lustre. Absorption of light – dichroism, dichroic ratio. Introduction to fibre
friction. Theories of friction – Amonton’s law, Bowden’s adhesion shearing mechanism,
Lincoln’s law. Measurement of friction – friction between single fibres, friction between
fibre assemblies. Factors influencing fibre friction. Role of friction in fibre processing.
Friction in wool – directional frictional effect, felting.
34
UNIT V ELECTRICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES 9
Definition of electrical resistance, electrical resistance of fibres, measurement of
resistance in fibres, factors influencing electrical resistance. Dielectric properties, factors
influencing dielectricity. Static electricity – generation of static charge and measurement,
problems encountered during processing, elimination techniques. Thermal properties –
specific heat, thermal conductivity, thermal expansion and contraction, structural
changes in fibres on heating, thermal transitions – glass transition and melting, heat
setting. Flammability characteristics of fibres.
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS
REFERENCES
1. Akira & Nakamura, Fiber Science And Technology, Oibh Publishers,2000
2. Kothari V.K., Progress in Textiles: Science & Technology. Vol. 2, IAFL Publications,
2000.
3. Mishra, S.P., Fibre Science & Technology, New Age International Publishers, 2000.
4. Meredith. R and Hearle, J.W.S., “Physical Methods of Investigation of Textiles”,
Wiley Publication, New York, 1989.
5. Morton W.E and Hearle, J.W.S., “Physical Properties of Textile Fibres”, The Textile
Institute, Manchester,, 2008.
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